Free Essays on Terrorism: The Threat of Usamah Bin-Ladin :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

The Threat of Usamah Bin-Ladin   This article was written in 1999 when I was an understudy at the University of Kentucky. My school flat mate and I frequently discussed our restricting perspectives on remote affairs.  My flat mate, animatedly felt that freeing the universe of atomic weapons would progressively end all viciousness between states. Albeit optimistically I would have jumped at the chance to concur, I needed to battle that war could never end as long as religion was vital to the convictions of the officers battling. Sheik Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin represents and encapsulates my contention . He has established associations and shaped alliances among realized fear based oppressor bunches which advocate the devastation of the United States . Moreover, Bin-Ladin wants that:   The decision to execute Americans and their partners - regular citizens and military- - is an obligation for each Muslim. We- - with God's assistance - approach each Muslim to slaughter Americans .   The avocation that Bin-Ladin submits is that Allah orders us to do the sacred battle 'jihad' to raise the expression of Allah over the expressions of the unbelievers. Bin-Ladin accepts that ...Americans force themselves on each and every individual who has faith in his religion and his privileges. Furthermore, he cautions of the result that America will confront though ...every day the Americans postpone their flight, for consistently they delay, they will get another body from Muslim nations . Receptacle Ladin is a man whose strict convictions, alongside his budgetary assets, give him the force important to make wars and psychological oppressor brutality. On the off chance that there were a nonappearance of radiant announcement in his activities, maybe he would have no force, for he would do not have a reasonable thought process. Consequently, this exhibits the effect of religion on savagery. In this particular example, the viciousness is depicted as a legitimate mean towards arrivi ng at the finish of encouraging strict convictions.   As a feasible danger to America, the United States government must discover roads of prevention to end the current and future fear based oppressor exercises of Bin-Ladin. Additionally, earlier towards talking about alternatives of discouragement, the danger of Bin-Ladin will initially be developed.   It possibly appears to be coherent to express that when somebody is battling for a reason for his strict convictions, he is a more noteworthy danger then somebody else. No doubt the person who is shielding his strict convictions would be all the more willing to set out his life for his motivation, since he is working in a space of misfortune.

The Religion Of Jainism Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Religion Of Jainism Essay, Research Paper The Religion of Jainism Jainism is an Indian confidence. This confidence has its verifiable beginnings in indistinguishable piece of northern India from Buddhism. Jina or Victor who is the pioneer of the movement was a # 8220 ; contemporary of the Buddha # 8221 ; ( Smart 277 ) . We will compose a custom exposition test on The Religion Of Jainism Essay Research Paper or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The directions of Jainism were transmitted orally. The Jain confidence split into two strict requests one being the Digamabaras and the other being the Svetambaras. The Digambaras strict request is other than known as the # 8216 ; Sky Clad # 8217 ; the monastics in this organization design exposure as a characteristic of complete dismissal of possessions. The different strict request Svetambaras other than known as the # 8216 ; White Clad # 8217 ; and they believe that the transmittal of unwritten guidelines has gotten degenerate. Jainism other than built up a philosophical writing. Blending to the Jain hypothesis they accept that they have to cling to the recollections and examples of the days gone by. There philosophical way of thinking is # 8220 ; rich and slippery # 8221 ; and there are two boss features of this confidence ( 277 ) . The first is a solid highlight on non-injury to all life creatures and the second would be the incredible promises that they embrace. There are a couple of cardinal contemplations to Jainism. The initial 1 is the being of numerous minds. Second there is the universe of the universe. Following there is the activity of karma. At long last there is an interest to take obligation for your activities and there is other than a chance of discharge ( 283 ) . There is a short request that is utilized by laic people to demonstrate their devotedness to quit any pretense of everything and come in the area of being an ascetic or a cloister adherent. The request territories: # 8221 ; Ceasing of illfare, stopping of karmic impacts, expire in agonizing charm, inferring edification: Let these be mine, companion of the entire presence, vanquisher for I have desired security in your way. # 8221 ; ( 284 ) . Jain sanctuaries are regular in two different ways. First the deepest place of worship is a picture of Tirthankara. The sanctuary is other than set apart with a cardinal Jain image, which is a Hakenkreuz. This Hakenkreuz is overcom ed by three and a large portion of a Moon. These have noteworthiness. The four weaponries of the insignia speak to the four degrees of life. First there are the individuals who are conceived in one of the seven snake pits, so there are those conceived as workss, invigorate creatures, or creepy crawlies. Next there are the individuals who are conceived as universes, and in the long run there are the individuals who are conceived as faithful presences. The three focuses speak to the three pearls and the half Moon speaks to discharge ( Smith 545 ) . Their people group is centered around signifiers of isolated life, which is upheld by laymans. Priests an nutrient D nuns take five promises and example three pearls. The first is the privilege of conviction, second the correct perception, and in the long run right conduct. Priests receive a portable way of life and the solitary clasp of the twelvemonth that they resign is during the blustery season. The ground that they resign during this clasp of the twelvemonth is to abstain from injuring any of the little creatures that swarm in the mud. Each twelvemonth the monastics and the nuns of this confidence spend segment of their lives in a retreat together. This retreat is typically during the stormy season and during this clasp they are given a wide range of guidelines to populate by. First they are non to talk any harsh words after they show up at the retreat and on the off chance that they neglect to make this they will be avoided from the retreat. They are other than non permitted to go occupied with a distinction and on the off chance that one happens they are required to ask for pardo ning from the predominant. At last they are non permitted to go for more than four or five meetings before they need to come back to the retreat site ( Smart 285 ) . The confidence of Jainism other than puts stock in higher hypothesis. This high or unadulterated hypothesis is supposed to be the achievement of a person who has gotten a freed one. In this theory the primary thing that must be done is to stop of the full head so the natural structure thus inevitably they should end outer breath. During the required clasp of this unadulterated hypothesis they decimate the four extras of karma # 8211 ; # 8221 ; discovering harming and pleasance, life range, destiny and condition # 8221 ; ( 286 ) . After this the mind takes the signifier of a successive line. One of the boss moral qualities to Jainism is the conviction no injury ought to be done to any life being. They are non to execute anything and this prompts Nirvana, which comprises in harmony. They are other than non expected to make injury to anybody by word Acts of the Apostless or thoughts ( 287 ) . At long last there are five promises that they are supposed to be the balance for a perfect life for the song individual to attract a dab on to and for the monastics and nuns to populate by. The main pledge being to renounce all slaughtering to every living presence. The second is to surrender all thoughts of address that contains any choler or insatiability and neer talk lies. The third is to non take whatever is non given. They are non to take anything whether they are in a humble community or in the woods. The Forth being to surrender every sexual pleasance with either Gods work powers or invigorate creatures. At long last the fifth pledge is to resign every single affectionate respect whether they be enormous or little ( 289 ) . These are the central pledges for the monastics and nuns to populate by in the confidence of Jainism.

Ways to Enjoy Your Thanksgiving Break

Ways to Enjoy Your Thanksgiving Break Today  is Friday, and the break is coming! Yeah! I am gong back to China to deal with some family issues and have my teeth totally checked and repaired. However, I know various ways other people enjoy this long break, especially international students. Study Hard This break is a great opportunity for students to catch up and do early reviews for finals. The library will be kept  open during the break except November 24-26, and it is going to be pretty empty, which means you could pick any seat that you want; thats usually impossible during school days. The open hours for each library are posted online, and you probably want to check before you go because it is usually different from normal days. Most coffee shops will be open, as well. Take  A Short (or Long) Trip Because of the length of the break, most international students won’t fly back home. They would choose to spend couple days in downtown Chicago if they would like to do some shopping and enjoy the holiday atmosphere. The decorations of Christmas are  up now, and the “Black Friday shopping” sounds interesting. Some may seek for warmth; many students go to Florida and enjoy the beach and the sun. We joke about this a lot and we say, “The students in Orlando could form a new University of Illinois. Yes, you may meet a friend in Disney World without knowing that he/she is in Florida! Get A Lot of Sleep If I was not going back home this break, I would choose to stay in town and sleep a lot. There are plenty of novels that I don’t have time to read during school weeks. Therefore, I would plan to finish them during the break. There are couple friends staying on campus for final projects or paper, so I guess I would invite them come over for dinner and wed watch movies together. It is always nice to do whatever you want during the break. I wish you a happy holiday and a great time with your family. Connie Class of 2018 I am double majoring in Computer Engineering in the College of Engineering and Statistics in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. My hometown is a historical and peaceful city called Suzhou, located in southeastern China.

Stricter DUI Penalties Needed! Essay - 1670 Words

Alcohol is the main beverage for parties and special occasions in the United States. Many people decide to drink alcohol because it helps them relax, ease tension and socializing. Even most non-drinkers are forced to drink alcohol because of peer pressure. Hebert Moskowitz, the president of the Southern California Research Institute in Los Angeles, concedes that â€Å"alcohol has been so popular these days; it seems as though alcohol is a requirement for parties† (Moskowitz, 13). Unfortunately, most UNM students do not know their limits for alcohol consumption. By the time a party is over, they fail to realize that they had one too many drinks and they decide to drink and drive. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety and†¦show more content†¦There have been many records of supreme court cases in New Mexico where drunk drivers are not being charged for DUI such as: State v. Lizzol, 2006; State v. Arroyos, 2005; Sanchez v. Kirby, 2001; State v. Wenger, 1999, e tc. Each and every one of these cases resulted in the court dismissing the charges for no reason. Usually if a person is arrested and sent to jail for DUI there is a high chance that the exact same person will drink and drive again; this time he or she may take the life of one of your own family member (Moskowitz, 12). I believe many students continue to drink and drive because they think they are able to get away with it. Many students believe if they are able to get away with it once, they will believe they can get away with it twice. Numerous UNM students believe that they won’t get into an accident because they believe are responsible and won’t hurt anyone, but they are wrong because alcohol impairs judgment and reaction time. In the campaign, â€Å"You Drink, You Drive, You Lose,† it stated in the commercial that police are setting up more DWI check points. Personally in my experience when I drove home late around 12 or 1 o’clock in the morning on the weekdays or weekends, I have never even seen any DWI check point set up. Even on the main highways I rarely saw any police cars. One ofShow MoreRelatedMandatory Dui Laws And / Or Technology Should Be Enacted1320 Words   |  6 Pageswhile under the influence of alcohol is called drunk driving (DUI), which is against the law. The National Traffic Safety Administration (NTSA) estimates that almost 40% of traffic deaths caused by accidents in the United States are caused by drunk drivers. Some people think that there should be tougher penalties for repeaters of DUI and we should have zero tolerance for drinking and driving. Others believe that tougher laws are not needed. Some people feel like the social drinkers are being punishedRead MoreToughe r Dui Laws And Better Technology1331 Words   |  6 PagesTougher DUI laws and better Technology Could Be Both Good and Bad Let’s drink and drive so we can crash and kill innocent people. Driving while under the influence of alcohol is called drunk driving (DUI), which is against the law. The National Traffic Safety Administration (NTSA) estimates that almost 40% of traffic deaths caused by accidents in the United States are caused by drunk drivers. Some people think that there should be tougher penalties for repeaters of DUI and we should have zero toleranceRead MoreThe Problem Of Driving Under The United States1332 Words   |  6 PagesHaving 8% percent of alcohol in your body is already considered over board and the person is guessed to be a danger to society if driving a vehicle. DUI is considered to be the nations most committed crime up to date, back in the 80’s people started supporting ways to fight drinking and driving, and were willing to give up some â€Å"freedom† to have stricter legal deeds. The people took this movement into a legislative sector. Somewhere between the 1981 and 1987 about 934 laws were passed by state legislaturesRead More The Population Of St. Paul s Informed On The Consequences Of Crime1406 Words   |  6 Pagesawareness of villagers to the new laws passed by Grenada parliament on the crime and their legal penalties, determine the thoughts on the past consequences compared to the present, determine the villagers attitude towards the new penalties of crime and find out whether the consequences are deterring factors to thought and action of committing crime. Moreover, to help gather and process information needed to help make valid and reliable conclusions, quantitative survey research through the use of structuredRead MoreDrug Abuse1622 Words   |  7 Pagesphrase should automatically make you realize that these could potentially be dangerous if, and according to statistics, are abused. So outlawing or monitoring would be more beneficial to society than legalizing or decriminalizing. Legalization has no penalties to any act dealing with the substance and therefore people would buy in larger quantit ies and increase the amount they take per day. Several different activities and substances have been the main topic over the decriminalization versus legalization

Bureaucracy and Administrative Management - 1545 Words

Classical management theory is based on developing universal management principles for various situations. It’s broken down into three emphases. * SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Theory which focuses on production work flows and productivity of individual workers, * ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT THEORY which focuses on the total organization. The emphasis is on the development of managerial principles rather than work methods. * BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT THEORY which focuses on strict implementation of rules and regulation, hierarchy systems in achieving maximum efficiency. Bureaucratic Theory by Max Weber Bureaucratic Theory was developed by a German Sociologist and political economist Max Weber (1864-1920). According to him,†¦show more content†¦5. Impersonal relationships between managers and employees. * Managers should maintain an impersonal relationship with employees so that favoritism and personal prejudice do not influence decisions. * To eliminate bias, ignore persuasion and personal differences 6. Employment based on technical qualifications * People are selected on the basis of their credentials and merit and are paid according to their position in the hierarchy. * Competence, not â€Å"who you know,† should be the basis for all decisions made in hiring, job assignments, and promotions Criticism of Bureaucratic Organization Bureaucratic Management Approach of Max Weber also has some fault-lines and received criticism for it. * The emphasis only on rules and regulations. * There will be unnecessary delay in decision-making due to formalities and rules of Bureaucratic Organization. * Coordination and communication hampered because of too much formality and rules. * Bureaucracy involves a lot of paper work and has just too much level of authority which results in lot of wastage of time, effort and money. Not ideal for efficiency. * Because of its too much formality, Bureaucratic approach is not suitable for business organizations. Bureaucratic model may be suitable for government organizations. * Too much importance isShow MoreRelatedThe Classical Public Administrative Theory1158 Words   |  5 Pages CLASSICAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY Most twentieth century scholars in sociology and the science of administration consider the classical public administrative theory as the early form of organizational theory and accompanied by three main types of management: scientific, administration and bureaucracy. All of these management ideas are linked to different academics. `The scientific management was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915); the AmericanRead MoreBureaucracy Theory of Weber1302 Words   |  6 PagesBureaucracy theory of Weber Weber s theory of bureaucracy (1958) is one of the most popular themes of the studying of organizations. He identified the legitimate of power with authority. 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The classical management focuses on the efficiency and includes scientificRead MoreCompare and Contrast of the Classical School of Management and the Human Relations School of Management1545 Words   |  7 Pagesand contrast of the classical school of management and the human relations school of management The classical or traditional approach to management was generally concerned with the structure and the activities of formal organization. The utmost importance in the achievement of an effective organization were seen to be the issues such as the establishment of a hierarchy of authority, the division of work, and the span of control. The classical management focuses on the efficiency and includesRead MoreMax s Bureaucratic Model With Frederick Riggs Model Essay1169 Words   |  5 Pagesis recognized as prismatic. The prismatic model was developed by Fredrick Riggs to explain the administrative systems of the developing World. 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The temporary appointments are considered worthwhile in view of the administrative functions that the occupierRead MoreThe Structural Frame Model Of An Organization818 Words   |  4 Pagesthe modern humanity with Cutting-edge technology and multiculturalism, with extreme materialism and economical drive. As a result, any modern organization, regardless of its size, type or nature, has to depend upon the factual structures and best management paths to survive in today’s civilization. Lee G.Bolman and Terrence F. Deal’s (2013) book â€Å"Reframing Organizations† presents most updated and developed managerial approaches to leadership and structure for the organizations. L.G. Bolman and T.F

Database+Coursework Database 101 Free Essays

Area Film and Literary Society (MLFS) provide groups and events for local people. All participants must be members (who pay an annual fee) or their guests who may attend events. Fees vary from one group to another. We will write a custom essay sample on Database+Coursework Database 101 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition members may have a reduction in fees depending on their type of membership. For example Individual members pay 100% fees and Concessionary members pay 50%. There are also Household members and a special category called Friends of the Society. The Society hosts a number of groups which meet monthly. Members can join one or more groups; currently these include Film, Science, Reading and Poetry Groups. A paper record is held for each member, an example of which is given below. Member details| Event talents| Member No1022 NameJay PatelTelephone020 8888 3333AddressHigh Rd, London Member type Individual | Ability Code| Talent | | 01 Poetry 05 Science| membership records| Session (year)| Group code| Group name| CoordNo| CoordName| Feepaid| Date paid| 2007-2008| 01 | Poetry | 102| Carol Duffy| ? 0| 19/09/07| 2008-2009| 01 | Poetry | 102| Carol Duffy| ? 60| 02/09/08| 2008-2009| 06 | Reading| 111| Jane Austen| ? 75| 03/09/08| 2009-2010| 05 | Science| 181| Marie Curie| ? 90| 03/09/09| * | * | * | * | * | * | * | Note that the group code and the ability code are both based on the same domain of values. The latter represents members’ talents which the Society may make use of – this is described later. One group of a particular type (such as Poetry) will be run each year, assum ing there are nine or more members who want to join a group. Each group is run by a coordinator, who may change from one year to the next. In addition to the above, the society holds the address and telephone number of each coordinator. Besides groups, the society also holds one-off special events, such as lectures, films, art exhibitions and musical evenings. Events do not relate to particular groups: they are open to all members and their guests and are organised by one of the coordinators. Events will be led by an outside speaker, or sometimes a member (who have special talents as shown in the example record above) will act as the speaker. Each event will have only one speaker (whether an outside speaker or a member speaker), but a speaker may speak at a number of events. Details will be held of the event name, the date, and venue and outside speakers (name and telephone number). The Society will keep records of members who attended events and the number of guests for each member per event. 1a) Entity-relationship model mapped to a relational database If you need to revise this topic, see Text Book Chapter 3. Produce an Entity-Relationship Model using UML notation for the above case. Convert to a relational model by specifying the primary and foreign keys, mapping any one-to-one relationships into relations, and decomposing any many-to-many relationships. This is the Relation diagram and the diagram which you should submit. Note that there is no need to include the type of each attribute. State any assumptions that you may need to make particularly about optional and mandatory relationships. Note that assumptions are about how you have interpreted the scenario, not about the E-R modelling process. The ERD is not trivial – it involves at least 10 entities. I suggest you start by each member of your group concentrating on different parts of the ERD and then coming together to discuss. Remember: * databases hold historical information, not just details of current records * to work out cardinality of relationship use ‘two sentences each starting with the word one’ * check all attributes; they should be atomic (single-valued) * check primary/foreign key links (remember the foreign key goes on the ‘many side’) * decompose any m:n relationships 1b) Validate the model Checking for connection traps Examine your model and identify one potential trap (fan trap or chasm trap) – if present. Consider whether this may cause a problem to your model and re-draw if necessary, arguing your case either way. Supporting the functional requirements Validate the model to check it can support the following functional requirement i. e. specify the access path by listing the appropriate relations (taking into account the correct relationships) from your diagram: ‘List all members by name who have ever belonged to the Science group, who have a talent for music and have attended an event with Goldie as the outside speaker. ’ How to cite Database+Coursework Database 101, Papers

Gender Bias Critic of Antigone free essay sample

Sophocles was born in 496 B. C. and from 490 B. C. until 442 B. C. when the first performance of Antigone at the Dionysian theater; there had been many wars in the Greek and Persian history. These ongoing battles would not involve women in combat nor negotiations in the political arena, but merely a person to remain at home, responsible for domestic affairs. There would always be the fear of war, seen on the faces of every adult, reflected in the eyes of every child. Kate Hamburger, the author of From Sophocles to Sartre, and essay on the tragedies of Sophocles with an emphasis on the heroic tragedy Antigone, claims that the effect of war in Sophocles earlier youth is a contributing cause to his heroic tragedies. Sophocles saw the ideals of democracy early and practiced self-governing in the local market place. According to Siegfried Melchinger, a German dramatist who in his doctoral dissertation made a focus specifically on Sophocles, stated that Sophocles character is one of an overlapping discipline. Siegfried Melchinger published his book titled Sophocles in 1974, which David Scarse later translated from German to English. Sophocles composed his education to be overlapping, in that he was well educated in all areas. Even before the performance of Antigone, Sophocles was acclaimed for his feminine roles; as females were not allowed to act in theater. It was not until 442 B. C. that he wrote Antigone, with an even greater allusion to the role of women. Before Antigone begins, the two brothers of Antigone are engaged in a battle no only of land, but of power. Their deep desires to rule Thebes and male dominating ego, only lead to their deaths; a tragedy that would affect more than just themselves. The battle of glory for men would not be the same for their sisters, but in 442 B. C. as Sophocles illustrates, the living women would have to deal with the tragedies of the dead; a task not easy to be burdened with as woman. Their uncle, Creon, dominates Antigone and her sister Ismene to the extent of mourning their own brothers death. Antigone has chosen a fate without glory: Ill suffer nothing as great as death without glory, (Antigone line 112). Only a male in this time could die with honor and glory, and just as her uncle has forced a death without glory for her brother, although a glorious death is honorable, she has decided it a better life to die without glory than dishonor her blood and the gods. Ismene does not wish to go against the laws of her uncle, for women were not born to contend with men, but between the bond of her and Antigone, she will defy the king(line 75). Ismene is just as horrified about the edict as Antigone is, but asks what theyweak womencan do. During this era the women had a specific role, and to defy that role would be horrific enough, despite the edict which Antigone spoke so ill of. Ismene does not follow her sister, as Antigone is sure of her own fate and actions. To Antigone, there is nothing worse that she can face except death. Death is not a dilemma if she does as the gods sacred commands require, but to leave the body uncovered after death is treason to the gods and the soul of the dead will wander the Earth forever. Antigone sees no reason to hide what she considers to be perfectly just and a responsible act. The relationship between the two sisters in Antigone, but the male dominating King split the bond. The force that split the bond was not a physical power, but an underlying force that restricts women, even sisters, from expressing their true feelings. Sophocles sets the audience to wonder if the sisters will be able to combat and overcome the evil as a pair. Antigone comes across very clear and shockingly determined. She wants her sisters help in hopes of calming the gods. The fact that Antigone cannot convince Ismene begins the final separation of their family. After the suicide of their mother, death of their father, and the battle between their brothers, Ismene and Antigone are all that is left. The last family relationship has been broke and Antigone, the heroine of the tragedy comes into a sharper view. In his review of Sophocles, Vision and Stagecraft in Sophocles, David Seale makes a bold contrast in character between Ismene and Antigone. David Seale received his masters from Bishops University, and as part of his doctorate, which was a continuation of his thesis, he published Vision and Stagecraft in Sophocles through the University of Chicago. In David Seales book, he makes a dedication to Sophocles Antigone, and the concrete visualizations. Antigone, as correctly described by Seale is fearless, self-reliant, and willing to die for her convictions, whereas Ismene is cautious, obedient to male authority, and lacks the courage of her convictions. As Sophocles portrays, Antigone acts absolutely. She has accepts death with justification: Nor did that Justice, dwelling with the Gods beneath the earth, ordain such laws for men. Nor did I think your edict had such force hat you, a mere mortal, could override the gods, the great unwritten, unshakable traditions. It will not be for the sake of any law made by man that Antigone will incur the punishments of the gods. She will do everything she can, even if it takes her to her death, to make things right between her brother and the gods. Sophocles makes the point that the male leaders entrusted with the peoples power need to be viewed with caution. Sophocles, because of his youth, h ad a good understanding of democratic politics. Antigone is a visual representation for the people, so they can see the political corruption that is possible even in democracy. Since Antigone is a woman defying the traditional standards of a woman, the attention of the audience is focused on the outcome and the Kings resolve. Sophocles does not explicitly state which gender has chosen the correct way to live, but represents the people voice in the chorus in contrast to Creons oppressive nature towards woman and his kingdom. Creon in his opening speech as king represents the ideas of man and king for that time in history. Creon, a man, claims himself to be more powerful than the gods, he is the law, and he is the country: whoever places a friend above the good of his own country, he is nothing, (Antigone line 203). As Sophocles sets up the play, he is setting the king up to fall. No man is greater than god is, and no man can rule over women without having rule over himself. The people, the poets voice, represented by the chorus read the ode to the nature of man. The ode foreshadows what failures will come to man if the actions are not withdrawn, and that death cannot be defeated. The author Simon Goldhill is a professor at Cambridge University who wrote a review on literary works involving Greek tragedy. In his review that was published in 1986 by the Cambridge University Press, Goldhill depicts the daily routine of the once modern life. In his work, he describes the minor role that women played, and in his review of the play Antigone, he alludes to the shut out role that women play and analyzes the Ode to Man. After Creons threat to his own guards, mad with rage, the Chorus begins to chant. Siegfried Melchinger interprets this ode slightly different from Goldhill, stating that the ode reflects, many are the wonders but nothing more wonderful than man, where Goldhill debates the interpretation. Goldhill writes that the ode implies that the all-inventive man comes to the nothingness that is his future. The chant is an ode to the human spirit and power of man. Creons eruption with rage is not because a citizen of his kingdom disobeyed his edict, but that it was a woman who stood up against his power, and there was nothing he can do. Creons tone towards Antigones actions is one that would be directed toward a slave during the early American revolutionary days of slave trade. Antigones Flaw is a review of Sophocles play Antigone and her role in the Greek tragedy. Patricia M. Lines, a dramatist who analyzes the positive aspects of Antigone and females, wrote the review. Lines does not state or imply that women during Sophocles era were treated equally or with the same standards as men, but does write, Antigone stands for all this is right and for the opposition to tyranny, contributing to her focus that represents the positive outlook of Antigone, (Lines 1495). Antigone represents the morality of the play, and helps give a didactic performance. Since only males were allowed to be in politics, it is understandable that a defiant woman would collect the attention of the audience and warn them of the possible danger that, not a woman poses, but the male politician. Sophocles shows that if a woman can stand up to the king, then any man is capable of doing the same. Antigones rebellion against the king, not only represents her love for her brother, but also contrasts the difference between men and women. Women at this time were not in place to challenge a man and Antigones silenced opinion represents the flaw of man. The kings son is to marry the defiant woman, and in his flaw, he is to have her exiled. This flaw, as Creon will soon see, is to become his own tragedy. Even the son, Haemon, cannot speak out about his love, for the Creon will hear none of it. Creon waits until every respectable man in the kingdom has told him that he is doing wrong, that he considers it a fault on his part. Creon ignores the wishes of every woman, and every man. Pride is a fault in men, and the kingdom that follows the man is doomed to share a similar fate. Sophocles represents the power of men and insignificance of women in the epic tragedy. The women, even the ones dearest to him are considered to have little importance and can easily be removed. Ismene who did not violate a law, but coincided with her sister was treated with equal disdain. Women, according to Siegfried Melchinger, were misunderstood in Sophocles era and Antigone is the epitome of this representation. Antigone in contrast to Creon acted according to the divine justice of the unwritten law, where Creon is simply vulnerable because he is unsure of his grasp on power, (Melchinger 77). Antigone is defending a bond of kinship, which Sophocles portrays man to ignore. Sophocles poses the two powers of philia and eros: love or hate. Creon takes fault to eros, but with the death of those dear to him he will realize the absolute power. Creon continues to cover up his growing uncertainty through harsh and erratic measures. Haemon, who was to marry Antigone, is called a womans slave, by his father. Creon does not mean that he works for, nor is he literally a slave to Antigone, but that he accepts a womans opinion to be as right as his own. Creon cannot accept that his son would choose a womans belief over his own or the gods will over that of mans. Haemon has broken the bond between him and his father, and as Sophocles alludes, the bond between two men is weak if the interests are not the same. After Creon has spoken to the wisest man in the kingdom, he realizes his fault and attempts to make things right. Creon accepts the difficulty in having to swallow his pride, and though he does not believe that he is wrong, he understands that it is something that must be done to give relief to the other men in his life. Creon chooses to release Antigone, not for her life, but because of the repercussions that her death would have on the men in his kingdom. Antigone, the true Queen by birth is treated and pulled from power like a criminal. Though the play never explicitly states, Antigones actions are pure. She is not disloyal to Creon out of fear, marriage, or motherhood, but entirely rational; she is the only person, a woman, who would do the right thing. Sophocles is asking the audience if they too, would allow such things to occur and defy the gods. Creons epiphany came too late, and death too early. Antigones suicide soon became Creons wish. Antigones death leads to the suicide of both Creons son and wife. Although each of these deaths is tragic, it was not until Haemon killed himself in rage, that Creon was truly affected. The death of a woman was not significant, but his own son is what truly brought him to his knees for a final prayer. The essential moral of the tragedy is the warning to the people in power. Sophocles warns the leaders in power not to transgress the rules and limits of governing the people. Sophocles epic tragedy represented man, woman, death, and the balance between them.

Od vs Hr Essay Example

Od vs Hr Essay â€Å"We are witnessing and participating in an unprecedented dissolution of the boundaries of the field of organization development. In organizations around the world, the HR function is monopolizing the OD function at an unprecedented pace, which is limiting our reach, blunting our effectiveness, and compromising our role. † OD and HR Do We Want the Lady or the Tiger? By Matt Minahan Ding. Ding. Ding. OK, time’s up. Time to decide. Will it be door number one, or door number two? The lady or the tiger? In Frank Stockton’s allegory (1882), a prisoner is ordered to choose between two closed doors. Behind one is a woman whom he must marry sight unseen and live with for the rest of his life; behind the other is the tiger which would surely eat him alive. Without knowing exactly what is behind which door, how is one to choose? And, which does one really prefer? Like the mythical prisoner, the field of OD has been standing in front of two doors for too long, putting off the choice between them. One door would leave the OD function embedded within HR; the other would get OD out to stand independently on its own two feet in the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Od vs Hr specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Od vs Hr specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Od vs Hr specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The field of OD has been putting off this decision for too long—since its inception, in fact—and it is time for us to make the decision. Well into our mid-40s as a field, we can’t really blame all of this mess on our forebears, because frankly we’re dealing with these choices just as badly as they did when the field was first founded. We’re still standing looking at the same two doors between which our OD forebears could not decide. Long History, Deep Roots This question about whether OD should be part of HR or should stand on its own goes back to the founding of our field. What became organization development had its roots in the training and development function, where the T group was the primary intervention. At a panel of the founders of OD at the 2009 Academy of Management conference in Chicago, almost every one of them, to a man, said that they were trained as writers or sociologists or engineers, but attended an NTL Institute T group where their lives changed. (Several also lamented that they were all white men in the field at that time, and on that panel at AoM. Following their NTL experiences, they tried to bring these insights they had obtained into their organizations via the training function. By the late 1960s, just a few years after the field was founded by about a dozen internal training and development people at NTL’s summer home in Bethel, Maine, the theory was, â€Å"let’s transform the way managers think about themselves and the ways they relate to people and solve problems, and once we’ve done that, we can send them back home to transform their own organizations† (Porras Bradford, 2004). Evidently, there were some who said that the OD function should stand on its own and be independent of other influence (Burke, 2004). Others, however, were concerned that the field of OD was too new and unknown and should reside in the personnel or training function, as advocated by Shel Davis of TRW Systems, Sy Levy from Pillsbury, Herb Shepard formerly of Esso, Dick Beckard, and others. Their belief was that â€Å"OD at the time was too new, too ephemeral, and too suspect to survive on its own in the organization . . . Early on, then, two models or scenarios OD and HR: Do We Want the Lady or the Tiger? 17 about the place of OD within the organization were debated regarding the wisdom of such a placement† (Burke, 2004). Theory Versus Fact The vast majority of the central thinkers, writers, and scholars in our field today (Cummings Worley, 2005; Marshak, 2009; Feyerherm Worley, 2009; Rothwell, et al. , 2009) write as if OD is a separate and distinct field of practice, but the facts on the ground tell a different story. We are witnessing and participating in an unprecedented dissolution of the boundaries of the field of organization development. In organizations around the world, the HR function is monopolizing the OD function at an unprecedented pace, which is limiting our reach, blunting our effectiveness, and compromising our role. As a field, we are behaving as if there is nothing we can do about it; it is as if we are watching ourselves in an automobile crash in slow motion, worried and concerned at what we see, and yet unable to find the brakes or grab the steering wheel to avert the collision and all of the collateral damage. Maybe the founders of the field were right that OD was too new and too fragile to stand on its own. But they didn’t count on what’s happening now in the field of HR. The Ascendancy of HR Over the past 15 years, we have seen better and better leadership of the HR function, with several universities now offering Masters’ degrees in HRM and HRD and several MBA degrees with an HR concentration. The result has been a generation of stronger, more strategic HR managers who have achieved a seat at the table and are trusted advisors at the top of organizations. Many managers at the top of the HR function are getting better by the year about understanding the dynamics of the organizations in which they serve. Increasingly, they can speak the language of the board room, and are not afraid to undertake even major organization change projects. This new generation of HR leaders clearly understands that people and money are the powers that run organizations; and when the system can provide enough of the latter, their job is to get just enough of it into the hands of the former to get the job done. And then return the rest to stakeholders. And to keep the organization out of court. In these regards, they are notably different from the generation of HR managers and VPs that preceded them, when there was no professional training for HR managers and when these posts often went to the VP who was due to retire next. The evolution of the training function also has had an impact. Ever increasing pressures to reduce costs have forced the training function to get smart about impact evaluation. Kirkpatrick’s (1998) four levels have forced the training function to look beyond end-of-session â€Å"smile sheets† to defend their budgets and make the case that training is a valuable investment. The result has been that training functions are now requiring training managers who have the skills to collect data, analyze it, and think systemically about what to do with it. Sounds familiar, doesn’t it? If you needed The days of HR staff being hired principally because they were people persons with good listening skills are gone. The trend toward activity based costing (ABC) is now showing the true cost of overhead functions such as HR, and HR is responding by making itself more relevant to the business of the organization. Many HR staff are now called business partners, often reflecting an aspirational goal, but quite distant from the actual reality of their skills on the ground. With this smarter, more strategic generation of HR managers comes the instinct and desire to have at hand one of the most powerful levers for organizational change and renewal, the OD function. Thus the trend of OD roles and functions being acquired by HR. And, to be clear, in merger and acquisition terms, these are not mergers of equals; they are straight up acquisitions of the OD function by HR. Another factor has been the pressure on HR functions to be relevant to the business of the organization. The days of HR staff being hired principally because they were people persons with good listening skills are gone. The trend toward activity based costing (ABC) is now showing the true cost of overhead functions such as HR, and HR is responding by making itself more relevant to the business of the organization. Many HR staff are now called business partners, often reflecting an aspirational goal, but quite distant from the actual reality of their skills on the ground. someone to do that, wouldn’t you be looking for a good OD person? Often desperate to meet their utilization goals, the training function is very happy to let managers continue to believe that training is the answer to every problem, a kind of panacea for whatever ails. Leaders and employees alike seem to rely on training as the answer, believing perhaps that with the right education they can deliver what the business needs. That is certainly an easier solution to accept than facing OD issues related to how people, teams, and departments relate and connect with one another, how business processes work, and how all connect with and work toward the strategic direction of the organization. So, it is no wonder that smart HR leaders are looking to candidates trained and educated in OD to take on these business partner and training leadership roles, resulting in even more blurring of the lines between OD and HR. 18 OD PRACTITIONER Vol. 42 No. 4 2010 Differences Are Real, and Important By now, this author’s biases are probably clear: there are important differences between the OD and HR functions; and as these roles collapse and the differences disappear, the field of OD is losing its unique position in the organization and its effectiveness overall. We’re behaving as a field as if we should be living in a both/and world around this, when the truth is exactly the opposite. Many in OD struggle to find and hold boundaries that separate people and things. We spend our entire time helping our clients make better connections between each other at all levels—individuals and pairs, cross unit collaboration, organizations working toward better partnerships, etc. But when it comes to OD and our HR cousins, we should be sharpening and better defining our boundaries, not blurring them, because the differences in our functions are real and important. The HR function has a legally mandated, regulatory role: to provide people to fill jobs, to reduce costs (for payroll, health care insurance, benefits, etc. ), and to keep the organization out of the courts and the press by ensuring compliance and avoiding claims of discrimination or harassment. People view HR as the people you go to with a problem that you want to make official. People feel that going to HR puts things in the record. They see HR as the enforcers or policemen. The OD function has a developmental mandate; in fact, our job is to increase the effectiveness of the organization and to maximize the potential of the human beings in the work force. We have theories, concepts, beliefs, and values through which we help our clients assure that there is alignment among strategy, structure, business process, and culture, while at the same time embedding human values such as honesty, respect, diversity, and voice. One model (Marshak, 2006) outlines three domains of knowledge for OD practitioners:  » understanding social systems, drawing on theories and ideas from the social sciences, including psychology, social  » psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, and others, consistent with OD values; understanding the hows and whys of change, including the bodies of knowledge that help explain how all levels of the system—individual, group, organizational, community, and even societies change; and understanding the role of the third p arty change agent, especially aiding the person in charge as well as the system itself to bring about the desired changes, requiring an understanding of the issues, politics, psychological processes related to being a third party in a change process. That doesn’t sound much like the recruit, retain, train, and develop mandate of the HR function, does it? It is hard to imagine even the highest functioning HR departments being knowledgeable and skilled in all these areas. There are many in HR who look at the list of OD functions and say, â€Å"Oh, we can do that! † And, on occasion, they may be right. But the philosophies of the two disciplines are starkly different, as are the theory bases, the world views, the core skills sets, and their roles within the organization. There is a built-in conflict between the role of OD consultant, coach or adviser with a developmental mandate working toward organizational effectiveness, versus the role of the HR practitioner whose core mandate is regulatory and enforcement. Can a good HR person advise on selected developmental matters, such as training strategies and needs assessments? Yes, as can a good OD person. But the conflict of interest for the HR staff shows up when the Action Research process of retreat planning and design requires them to interview staff about a manager’s effectiveness. What staff member in her right mind would say something critical of their manager to someone from HR, who is likely also to be involved in decisions about that manager’s promotion, pay, and even succession planning? Or their own? HR has its hands on too many of the organizational levers and has too many mandates centering around enforcement and control to ever be effective at drawing out of managers the truth about their insecurities, anxieties, and the shadow sides, that is so necessary to doing good work and being effective in doing OD. Troubling Examples These concerns aren’t just theoretical, either. Quick conversations with a handful of colleagues, both OD and HR, turn up some troubling examples. In a large multinational organization, The Different Functions Organization Development †¢ Improve the effectiveness of the organization †¢ Maximize the potential of human beings and their contributions to the organization †¢ Align strategy, structure, business processes, and behavior into an effective corporate culture †¢ Model and foster humanistic values into the workplace Human Resources †¢ Manage employee attraction, retention, development, and performance management †¢ Develop and manage programs for employee relations, staff well ­being, workforce planning, and workload management †¢ Ensure equity and diversity †¢ Reduce labor costs †¢ Avoid litigation †¢ Enforce corporate policies OD and HR: Do We Want the Lady or the Tiger? 19 the OD staff and external consultants were forced to follow the rules that govern the rest of the HR function around meeting with VPs and senior managers. The HR VP insisted that he attend every meeting that the HR—and OD! —staff had with other VPs in the organization. Not just marketing or contracting meetings, but actual project meetings as well. He was unwilling to make an exception for the OD staff lest the HR staff get upset. Within weeks, his it was in Corporate Strategy along with the strategy and budget functions, where it had free reign of the organization and was in constant contact with the top leadership on strategy, structure, and corporate culture. It was later merged into the HR function. The results: the best organization design people in town left (with all of their embedded knowledge) rather than be reassigned to deliver management training programs. Then a succession of HR managers gradu- practitioner is, then anybody can hang out a shingle claiming he or she is an OD consultant. In fact, some years ago, there was an informal study of the members of the OD Network that found that almost one third of them had taken on the label or the role of OD consultant, with no previous education or training in the field. Not All Bad News To be clear, the field has shifted largely positively, over the past few decades, responding to some of the â€Å"red flags† that Larry Greiner (1972) identified for OD, including:  » Putting individual behavior ahead of strategy, structure, process, and controls;  » Overemphasizing the informal at the expense of the formal organization, driving more for openness and trust to change the culture, often at the expense of efficiency, h ierarchy, and accountability;  » Driving open and trusting relationships as a normative model for change, without questioning the context or applicability in a given situation, and assuming that team building was always the preferred intervention;  » Putting process before task, enamored with the human dynamics of working together over getting the work done; and  » Treating the manager as just another stakeholder, relatively uninvolved in the planning and conduct of consultantled programs rather than the key stakeholder. Historically, the field has addressed many, if not all, of these red flags among strong and well-grounded practitioners. However, many of them are still quite evident in HR people who are trying to do OD today. The Right Answer Reflecting on the various options for organizing and structuring the OD function and constructing its relationship with HR, the optimum solution is to establish In a large financial institution, the OD function thrived when it was part of the IT function where it designed and facilitated large business process simplification projects. It had its best years when it was in Corporate Strategy along with the strategy and budget functions, where it had free reign of the organization and was in constant contact with the top leadership on strategy, structure, and corporate culture. It was later merged into the HR function. The results: the best organization design people in town left (with all of their embedded knowledge) rather than be reassigned to deliver management training programs. schedule became a huge onstraint on the work of the OD function because consultants (internal and external) could not get into his calendar to meet with their clients. In a science-based organization the OD function was fully financially self-sufficient, recovering the costs and a bit of an â€Å"upcharge† from its internal clients. Other HR managers got res entful of this chargeback mechanism. They forced the manager of the OD program to stop recouping her costs, which effectively killed the OD function because it had no free-standing budget of its own. In a university, a very strong and capable OD function has been merged and renamed Learning and OD, resulting in the organization’s best OD talent being diverted into managing the training program for the university. In a large financial institution, the OD function thrived when it was part of the IT function where it designed and facilitated large business process simplification projects. It had its best years when ally reduced the OD function to delivering two day team building retreats, and a cadre of dozens of internal and external consultants has been whittled down to less than 10. In one knowledge -based organization we know, the OD person is required to have the HR person present during all contracting and data collection meetings. Clients are now creatively working around the requirement by calling the OD staff directly on their cell phones after hours to discuss matters that they can’t or won’t say in front of the HR people, who are not trusted in that system. No Boundaries, No Standards What Bradford and Burke (2004) said about the lack of standards in the field of OD applies equally well to the lack of boundaries with the HR function. â€Å"When there is lack of clarity as to the boundaries of the field and corresponding confusion about what the appropriate role of an OD 20 OD PRACTITIONER Vol. 42 No. 4 2010 the OD function independently. Ideally, it would have a blended mandate and funding, charging back for local unit-specific work, and centrally funded for organization-wide efforts. There are instances when OD should be working in partnership with the HR function, specialists on one discipline speaking with and working closely with specialists of the other discipline. There are nstances when the HR function would be the OD function’s client; and there are instances when the OD and HR functions ought not to be working together at all, such as when there are conflicts of interest or large scale organization strategy or design pr ojects not ready for implementation. There are disadvantages to being freestanding and independent within the organization. The OD function may become vulnerable to exposure, scrutiny, and politics. Some OD people can’t play in the C-suite (Burke, 2004). The function would have to earn its stripes and compete for money and mandate with other functions in strategic planning, financial management, budget, and yes, even HR. But the upsides of organizational independence are quite significant, and are evident now where strong OD departments are standing on their own. The OD function becomes central to the business of the organization, influencing strategy, mergers and acquisitions, divestitures, restructuring, etc. It works upstream, providing early input on the development of plans and processes, able to bring a systemic perspective and OD values to actions that previously had been made primarily on financial grounds alone. It is present and able to influence the setting of the agenda, not just the implementation of it. But How to Get There? It is no longer enough just to be good at process. To be able to stand independently in organizations, free of the cover and support of the HR function, OD practitioners need to:  » Know the major environmental, regulatory, and financial drivers of the organization;  »  »  »  » Know, be known by, and trusted by the top leadership of the organization; Know what’s involved in evaluating, deciding, and implementing mergers and acquisitions, especially around blending corporate cultures and business processes; Be effective in working across cultures, in global environments, and especially today, virtually; and Be attuned to the organizational politics within the organization and within its governance structures. (Greiner Cummings, 2004) Integrating sustainability and globalization into the world of OD brings another set of challenges. To play effectively as a free standing function, free of support from HR, OD practitioners need:  » New and better ideas for progress, guided by diversity, development, and sustainability;  » To understand and be effective at intervening in economic systems, balancing productivity with innovation, sustainability, and diversity; socially constructed and negotiated (Bushe Marshak, 2008). As the boundaries of the field have expanded over the past 15 years to include more systemic perspectives, there are new challenges for how to educate new OD professionals (Minahan Farquhar, 2008). That’s a tall order for a field that has prided itself historically on being apolitical, focusing on the individual, following the lead of the client, ambivalent about asserting ourselves in leadership roles within our client systems, and seeing ourselves as a bit subversive in being countercultural. There is some good news here, however. For the past 9 months, many of the academic directors of OD programs around the world have been carrying on a conversation sponsored by the OD Network and the OD and Change Division of the Academy of Management about the knowledge areas that are central to the field of OD and to which a solid OD program would want to commit. The criteria are still very much under development, but there is strong agree- Just as it’s tempting to blame our biological parents for our least attractive qualities, it is easy also to blame the founders of our field for leaving us stuck in this bi-polar state. Yes, they’ve dealt us this hand, but we’re the ones playing it now. We’ve been playing small ball, under the cover of the HR function and limited by our own ambivalence about power. It’s time to step forward, and pick a door. To model how human and cultural dignity and diversity are valued in their own right; and To make sure that the ecology has standing in all decisi ons. (Feyerherm Worley, 2008) ment around several, including the history and evolution of the field, its values base, the use of self, systems thinking, organization design science, theories and models for change, leading the consulting process, organizational inquiry and research, organizational assessment, designing and choosing appropriate interventions, facilitation and process consultation at all levels, organizational and global culture, diversity and inclusion, process improvement methods, and organizational acumen and mastery. As the work progresses, there will  » In social constructionist terms, the independent OD function of the future will also be influenced by the new sciences and postmodern thought. It will intervene on the organization as a meaning-making system, in which reality is acknowledged to be OD and HR: Do We Want the Lady or the Tiger? 21 be further discussions and consultations with professional organizations, scholars, and practitioners. Just as it’s tempting to blame our biological parents for our least attractive qualities, it is easy also to blame the founders of our field for leaving us stuck in this bi-polar state. Yes, they’ve dealt us this hand, but we’re the ones playing it now. We’ve been playing small ball, under the cover of the HR function and limited by our own ambivalence about power. It’s time to step forward, and pick a door. It may the lady. It may the tiger. But whichever way it turns out, we serve the field, our organizations, our HR colleagues, and ourselves by establishing the OD function independently, declaring our boundaries, and then working together across them, but separately. There’s more to discuss on this topic. Join Matt and others in this conversation at http://mattminahan. blogspot. com.

Isabel Allende essays

Isabel Allende essays Tell me a story. Rolfe Carle asks of his lover Eva Luna. Tell me a story you have never told anyone. And so our modern-day Sheherezade spins twenty-three tales over twenty-three nights now collected into The Stories of Eva Luna, where this wonderful storyteller evokes powerful emotions in her readers through themes of love, death, pride, strength and courage, human characters and a unique style of writing. Isabel Allende, the author of The Stories of Eva Luna, writes in a simple, yet extremely descriptive way, giving her stories an almost music-like resonance and letting the reader feel like they are actually right there next to the action, as when, in Ester Lucero they bore her away on an improvised stretcher, bleeding like a stuck pig, her eyes wide with terror. (ESTER LUCERO, PG. 1). Allendes powerful descriptions in Ester Lucero, as well as two other short stories, And of Clay Are We Created and The Judges Wife are wonderfully rich, allowing the reader to visualize places, identify with events and become emotionally attached to characters, as we do when we are told of Azucena stuck in a mudslide in And of Clay Are We Created, with her dark face, her large desolate eyes, the plastered-down tangle of hair.. (AND OF CLAY, PG. 2) Critics have dubbed Allendes descriptive power as being distinctive, powerful and haunting (ELAINE KENDALL, LOS ANGELES TIMES - DECEMBER 28, 1990), and able to turn the ordinary into magic and the magical into everyday life. (GILLIAN STEWARD, THE CALGARY HERALD - JANUARY 19, 1991) Allende is one of the most widely recognized authors to use what is known as magic realism, which she says is based around that dream-like quality that memories have. Its misty, its foggy. You dont know whats real and whats fantasy. Magic realism is the ability to mix fant...

Think 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Think 3 - Essay Example judged the government was in welcoming a technology that allowed human beings to produce androids which resemble human beings in every way only that they lacked bone marrow and empathy. "Emigrate or degenerate! The choice is yours!" (pg. 6). This indicates that the government believed that the American government disintegrated after WWT and a new society could only be created in a new land. However, as the novel progresses, the new glimpse of life seen on earth are deem and incomparable to the attractive life in Mars. The question of what makes us human is evident when the author states "...ultimately, the empathic gift blurred the boundaries between hunter and victim, between the successful and the defeated" (Dick 29). It is empathy that differentiates us from androids. However, technology is challenging this inordinate ability and the continual use of technology is making us isolated and might soon challenge our very existence. Living a false life is currently the order of the day as evident through social platforms such as Twitter and Facebook which makes us highly connected yet very isolated. â€Å"The electric things have their life too. Paltry as those lives are† (Dick 239). The technological devices invented by human beings have a life of their own, but we increasingly find ourselves attracted to ‘their’ life, forgetting our life. Reading Philip Dick’s novel, one realizes how the present world is actually experiencing the situation that was foreseen decades ago. It is an outstanding masterpiece to every student who believe in the destructive nature of

How Insurance Fraud and Abuse Affect the Community Essay

How Insurance Fraud and Abuse Affect the Community - Essay Example Through this, the instructor will have a brief idea of the perceptions that the learners have on insurance fraud, then reframe their ideas to produce a comprehensive discussion of the fraud. Secondly, the use of questions will help the learners think. As seen in the research conducted by Schoeberlein (2009), the use of questions has been fundamental in the teaching process. In the case of insurance fraud, the instructor may ask the learners to categorize different forms of insurance and how they think the same will impact their society. The instructor may then connect the ideas of the learners with real facts that will help the learners make sense of the course contents. The questions will also help the learners synthesize, make comparisons and even make generalizations on the course contents. Since a classroom comprises of different learners as Schoeberlein (2009) indicates, and fraud involves diverse forms as Beik (2012) writes, it is the role of the instructor to design the classroom in such a manner that will attract the attention of different learners. Evidently, insurance matters are complex and sensitive especially to the overall community especially in terms of increasing the funds the taxpayer pay from an increase in the premium pay (Green, 2012). The examples of insurance fraud are also myriad as Green (2012) writes. The fraud cases range from provider fraud that involves altering medical records, member fraud that involves giving wrong information to Medicare fraud that entails billing drugs that were not used and even sale of Medicare prescription card (Green, 2012). In this context, the instructor may categorize the learners based on their abilities, and teach each of the groups according to their learning speed. For instance, the fast learners may learn on th eir own through role play, while the slow learners may learn through a step by step process with the help of their instructor.

Hip hop music

Hip hop music Muziekstijl 20e eeuw HIPHOP Voorwoord Ik heb voor de muziekstijl hiphop gekozen omdat ik vind dat hier de laatste tijd de meeste aandacht naar uitgaat. Ik wil graag weten hoe de hiphop, rappers en alles eromheen was ontstaan en hoe dat is uitgegroeid tot de hiphop die we nu kennen. Geschiedenis van Hiphop. DJ Kool Herc Het hiphop verhaal begint met Kool Herc, een immigrant van Jamaicaanse afkomst. Op buurtfeesten (blockparties) intorduceerde hij het Toasting. Hij rijmde over de reggae muziek heen. Hij gebruikte hierbij twee draaitafel waarmee hij wisselde tussen verschillende liedjes, een heel ander geluid ontstond hierdoor. Het rijmen kreeg een naam: MCing, dit staat voor Master of Ceremony. Het DJ-en beviel Kool Herc wel en hij liet het rappen totaal over aan Coke Ja Rock en Clark Kent. Het eerste rapteam was geboren en ze kregen de naam: Kool Herc and the Herculoids. Kool Herc was de grondlegger van de rapmuziek, maar hij was niet de uitvinder van het scratchen. Hierbij wordt een plaat in de tegengestelde richting gedraaid en dit geeft een typisch krassend geluid wat veel wordt gebruikt in de rapmuziek. Het verhaal gaat dat Grand Wizard Theodore het scratchen per ongeluk heeft uitgevonden. Toen zijn moeder hem riep dat de muziek te hard stond, hield hij de draaiende plaat tegen en hierbij hoorde hij het scratchende geluid dat de plaat maake Evolutie van hiphop Sugarhill gang RUN DMC heeft ook nog een twee primeur op zijn naam staan, ze waren de eerste die samen een song componeerde met een rockgroep, aerosmith. Dit nummer is vrij bekend: walk this way. Hierna ging het snel met de rapmuziek, sterren volgden elkaar op en eind jaren 80 kwam er een nieuwe stijl op de markt. Het geluid was minder ruw en er werd gebruikt gemaakt van samples. Een sampler is een apparaat waarmee een stukje muziek zoals een baslijn of een drumritme apart kan worden opgenomen. In die tijd ontstonden er ook copyrights. Artiesten klaagden andere artiesten aan omdat er stukjes van hun muziek werden gebruikt. Begin jaren 90 word door velen het creatief hoogtepunt genoemd. Er ontstaan veel nieuwe groepen met een nieuwe sound. Hierbij gebruikten ze veel samples uit oude soul-, funk-, en jazzplaten, dit gaf hun producties een rustiger en artistieker geluid. Tegenwoordig is de rapmuziek een muzieksoort waarin miljarden dollars per jaar worden omgezet. Er valt veel geld te verdienen in deze industrie en daarom proberen veel nieuwe artiesten door te breken! Tegenwoordig worden veel stijlen gemixt, zoals Rap met RB of heavy metal. Sommigen vinden dat dit ten koste gaat van de muziek, omdat zij de muzieksoort liever underground houden en vinden dat de huidige hiphopcultuur niks meer te maken heeft met graffiti en breakdance. Anderen zien in de huidige en nieuwe rapmuziek een nieuwe commercià «le muziekstroming die gewoon lekker in het gehoor ligt. Waarden en normen van hiphop vroeger Orgineel is hiphop begonnen als een underground sfeer die altijd moest opboksen tegen het onbegrip van de media. Hiphoppers waren in die tijd zeer op zichzelf aangewezen. Hierdoor was het voor buitenstaanders in die tijd heel moeilijk om de hiphoppers te begrijpen. De hiphop werd praktisch door elke radiostation geweigerd en dit zorgde voor een bang tussen de hiphoppers onderling. Hiphop bevat ook altijd een boodschap, deze was meestal niet al te kleurrijk want het schetste meestal een beeld van de uitzichtloze toestand waarin de mensen in de zwarte gettos in leefden. Orginaliteit is ook een belangrijk element in de hiphop, je kan bepaalde elementen overnemen van andere artiesten, maar zorg ervoor dat je altijd je eigen stijl eraan toevoegd. Waarden en normen van hiphop nu Hiphop heeft een enorme opmars gemaakt, dankzij de commercià «le wereld is hiphop groot geworden. Hiphop werd vroeger genegeerd, maar tegenwoordig is het niet meer weg te denken uit de hitlijsten. Dit is wel ten koste gegaan van de oorspronkelijke waarden die de hiphop zo interessant maakten. De orginele band die hiphoppers met elkaar hadden, heeft plaatst moeten maken voor geld. Hiphoppers passen zich tegenwoordig vaak aan aan de consument. De oorspronkelijke waarden hebben moeten wijken voor het geld. Maatschappij In de hiphop van nu hoor je niets meer van de oorspronkelijke waarden. De teksten zijn in tegenstelling tot de eerdere hiphop inhoudsloos en de deuntjes zijn troef. Orginele nummers worden niet meer gedraaid want alles gaat op kijk- en/of luistercijfers en niet op echtheid. De nummers die duidelijke maatschappelijke meningen of zwarte statement bevatten worden achterwege gelaten, terwijl dit de hoofdwaarde van de hiphop is. Uiterlijke kenmerken van hiphop Gedrag In de hiphop draait het vooral om respect. Niet alleen respect voor jezelf, maar ook voor anderen. Dit krijg je door je skills, goed rappen of dansen, gewaagde graffiti te maken, veel van je muziek te weten of de juiste kleding te dragen. Maar ook je houding is erg belangrijk. Cool zijn, echt zijn, rustig blijven en stoer doen. Hiphop draait om originaliteit, je mag best dingen kopià «ren, maar dan moet je je eigen draai eraan geven. Je moet jouw manier van denken en verwerken in je muziek, graffiti, breakdance of iets anders. Je moet je eigen ding doen en geen kopie zijn van een ander. Het spelen met woorden, het anders dan anderen zijn. Een hiphopper is maatschappijkritisch hij heeft respect voor anderen, maar hij maakt zich niet zo druk over wat anderen van hem denken. De allereerste hiphoppers waren heel clean. Drugsgebruik en sigaretten waren taboe onder breakdancers. Maar hiphop komt van de straat en drugs raken vooral de jaren negentig snel geÃÆ' ¯ntegreerd in de scà ¨ne. Veel hiphoppers gaan blowen en drinken alcohol. Voor veel jongeren is de hiphop een leerschool. Door hiphop ontwikkelen ze hun eigen identiteit en krijgen ze zelfvertrouwen. Hiphop geeft je de ruimte jezelf te ontdekken. Wie je bent, wat je voelt, maakt niet uit. Hiphop gebruikt wijsheden, over het leven, over de maatschappij. Het ideaal van veel hiphoppers is om van hun hiphopactiviteiten te kunnen leven. Die activiteiten kosten vaak veel tijd en energie waardoor niet zelden school en werk op een tweede plaats komen te staan. Religie Religie neemt geen bijzondere plek in binnen hiphop. Een bescheiden aantal rappers draagt wel een religieuze boodschap uit, maar het komt vaker voor dat een spirituele, oosterse denkwijze in de teksten verweven zit. Taalgebruik en muziek Hiphop is een levensstijl, een sub- en straatcultuur waarbij rap de taal van de straat is. Hiphoppers en rappers gaan creatief met taal om. Rappers, DJs en producers bedenken bijnamen en hiphoppers creà «ren met een mix van Amerikaans en Nederlands taalgebruik hun eigen ding. Hiphop word ook gekenmerkt door de grote hoeveelheid woorden die in een nummer zit. Dit heeft ervoor gezorgd dat de inhoud van raps in de media terechtkwamen. Daarbij ging het om de opschepperij over zichzelf, of bijvoorbeeld door de schockerende teksten die op de platen te horen was. Hiphop gaat nog steeds vaak over woede, vergeldig, het zware leven, seks, relaties en de samenleving. Kleding Vanaf de begin jaren 80 dragen hiphoppers al sportschoenen, honkbalpetter, trainingsbroeken in felgekleurde stoffen met de bijbehorende kettingen. Hierbij is de hophopcultuur de eerste jongerencultuur die het traingspak omarmt. Als hiphop na 1985 aan terrein wint, verandert ook de hiphopmode. De glimmende, kleurige trainingspakken maken geleidelijk plaats voor strakke spijkerbroeken, leren baseballjacks, sweaters met capuchon, sportschoenen van Adidas en baseballpetten. Begin jaren negentig dragen hiphoppers wijde broeken, houthakkersblouses, T-shirts, sweaters met capuchon en sportschoenen. Ook dunne en dikke bodywarmers zijn populair. Nadat de hiphopscà ¨ne begin jaren negentig een vermainstreaming ondergaat, raakt het uiterlijke vertoon van luxe artikelen in een opmars. In clips voeren regelmatig grote autos, geld, dure merkkleding en gouden kettingen de boventoon. Rappers hebben iets bereikt en willen dat laten zien. Veel hiphoppers gaan van authentieke straatkleding over op het dragen van steeds duurdere merken. Veel rappers hebben tegenwoordig hun eigen kledingmerk. Inmiddels zijn de wijde oversized broek, (sport)schoenen (Nike, Adidas, Timbaland), T-shirts, sweaters met capuchon en een baseballpet in trek. De kleding is dus over het algemeen oversized, gemakkelijk zittend en veel bewegingsruimte toelatend. Het kapsel is over het algemeen kort. Kapsels die populair zijn, zijn onder andere dreadlocks en grote krullen. Voor meisjes was het ook populair om gekleurde plukken in hun haar te doen en hun haar te ontkroesen Doordat hiphop in de loop der jaren is veranderd en aan populariteit heeft gewonnen, is ook de kledingstijl veranderd. De gedachte dat je origineler moet zijn dan de ander maakt dat tevens de kledingstijl regelmatig veranderd. Kleding is om op te vallen, het kopià «ren van een stijl is fout binnen hiphop. Het gaat om het ontwikkelen van je eigen stijl en identiteit. De basis van hiphopkleding is om rebellie en being different uit te drukken. Instrumenten De instrumenten die werden gebruikt in de hiphop waren vooral de draaitafel, de drumcomputer en samples. Maar het allerbelangrijkst, vooral in de vroegere hiphop was dat je muziek kon maken zonder instrumenten. Met meerdere mensen kon je een hele goede beat maken. De een beatboxde, de andere deed aparte beatjes erbij, weer een andere deed de bas met zijn stem en de ander rapte. 4 onderdelen van de hiphop 1. DJ Turntablism Turntablism vat alles samen wat met turntables (draaitafels) te maken heeft. De turntablist (dj) maakt gebruik van twee turntables en probeert daar het maximale uit te halen aan geluiden, ritmes en beats. Alhoewel djs oorspronkelijk alleen de MCs begeleidden zijn er ook veel djs die zich alleen bezig houden met het creà «ren van de instrumentale vorm van rapmuziek. Er worden jaarlijks grote battles (wedstrijden) gehouden waarin de djs met de beste skills worden gekozen. De meest toonaangevende toernooien zijn de ITF (International Turntable Federation) en DMC battles waaraan djs uit de hele wereld deelnemen. De meeste Turntablists maken deel uit van collectieven. Enkele bekende collectieven zijn: X-ecutioners, The Allies, Beat Junkies, 5th Platoon en The invisble Skratch Piklz. Enkele termen zijn: Beat juggling Hierbij wordt een continu ritme gecreà «erd door de beats van twee verschillende platen af te wisselen. De snelheid kan aangepast worden waardoor een nieuwe beat ontstaat. Het handmatig op en neer draaien van een plaat waardoor een scratchend krassend geluid ontstaat. Er zijn met het mengpaneel verschillende geluidseffecten te maken terwijl wordt gescratched. In Turntable battles is het de kunst zo origineel mogelijk te zijn in het creà «ren van nieuwe geluiden, ritmes en effecten. Een jury bepaalt wie de winnaar is. De jongste winnaar van alle toonaangevende battles Is DJ A-Trak uit Canada. Op zijn vijftiende won hij zijn eerste wereldtitel. A-Trak zat toen nog gewoon op de middelbare school en versloeg alle turntable-grootheden. Tegenwoordig zit hij bij The Allies en is nog steeds een van de beste Turntablists. Dat mag ook wel, hij oefent zon 4 a 5 uur per dag. 2. Graffiti. Sinds het begin der tijden hebben mensen op muren geschilderd. De Neanderthaler deed het de Egyptenaren deden het, de Romeinen deden het enzovoort. In WOII werd er veel gekalkt, het was een vorm van verzet en daarom ook levensgevaarlijk. Na de oorlog werd er minder op de muren geschreven. In de jaren 50 bakende Amerikaanse jongerenbendes hun territorium af met op de muren gekalkte merktekens te zetten. In de jaren 60 werd het mode zijn politieke keuzes op allerlei gebouwen te zetten. Groepen jongeren wilden de maatschappij duidelijk maken dat opvattingen en verhoudingen aan vernieuwing en verandering toe waren. Dankzij de technische ontwikkeling werden er naast krijt ook spuitbussen en viltstiften gebruikt. Graffiti is à ©Ãƒ ©n van de 4 pijlers van de hiphopbeweging en het verspreide zich samen met de hiphop over de hele wereld. Maar jammer genoeg is niet alle graffiti legaal, hier en daar komen er legale zones waar de graffitispuiters hun gang kunnen gaan, maar op de meeste plaatsen blijft graffiti nog illegaal. Zo is er een nieuw graffitibeleid aangekondigd, zodat de daders voortaan op gevangenisstraffen kunnen rekenen. Ondanks alles groei de acceptatie van de kunstvorm. Steeds meer mensen komen tot de conclusie dat graffiti niet alleen maar ongecontroleerd kladwerk is. De meeste houden er na een vrij korte tijd mee op, niet zelden na een dure ervaring met het gerecht. Diegenen die het wel volhouden en het nodige talent hebben, ontwikkelen een eigen stijl en maken na verloop van tijd werken die het bekijken waard zijn. Rizon uit Antwerpen is zo iemand, hij staat bekend om zijn spectaculaire 3D-werken. Andere termen van GRAFFITI BALLONLETTERS: dit zijn letters waar geen hoeken aan zitten en dus door ronde vormen zijn opgebouwd OUTLINEN: de letters of de tekening terug omlijnen HIGHLIGHTS: een soort glans die je ziet als je het werk van ver bekijkt TOY: beginner WRITER: artiest KING: volleerde spuiter Redenen voor GRAFFITI soms alleen maar uit verveling om de kick, het opwindende gevoel iets te doen dat niet mag, omdat het illegaal is omdat de kunstwerken in het openbaar gemaakt worden, hierdoor krijg je bekendheid om het straatbeeld of stadsbeeld te veranderen, vrolijker, kleuriger en minder saai TAG: de naam of het herkenningsteken van een graffitispuiter, men noemt het ook wel een gestileerde handtekening. Het bestaat ui een met kleur gespoten woord, naam, figuurtje, of soms zelfs alleen maar een letter, het dient als herkenningspunt voor de andere spuiters of voor diegene die hem kenen. Het is bijna altijd een schuilnaam, dit zet je meestal onder een kunstwerk. THROW UP: dit is een word of een simpele tekening. Het is meestal met 2, soms 3 kleuren gespoten, deze soort werd ontwikkeld doordat graffiti verboden werd. De graffitispuiters moesten sneller werken en konden dus niet meer als 2 of 3 kleuren veroorloven STAMP: dit is een geà «volueerde vorm van de throw up. Deze stijl maakt gebruik van letters die een driedimensionaal effect veroorzaken. Dit kan d.m.v. schaduwen of lichtere kleuren lijntjes binnen het werk. Deze vorm maakt meestal gebruik van 3 of 4 kleuren PIECE: dit is meestal een groot geheel en er is de tijd voor genomen. Alles wordt hierin erg goed uitgewerkt en er wordt met veel kleuren gewerkt. Er wordt gebruik gemaakt van een omlijning, schaduw en dergelijke. Er is een ongeschreven graffitiwet dat je nooit over een ander piece heen mag spuiten. 3. Breakdance Breakdance wordt in de VanDale beschreven als acrobatische danse waarbij de danser zich ook liggend en draaiend op de grond beweegt. Ik vind dit persoonlijk een vrij eenvoudige beschrijving van breakdance, want in werkelijkheid is het veel meer. Ik denk niet dat het alleen een manier van dansen is, maar vooral een manier van jongeren om zich te uiten. Breakdance wordt ook vaak gebruikt om met en tegen elkaar te dansen. Afkomst Breakdance is ontstaan in Amerika, breakdance is ingevoerd door Afro-Amerikanen die het oorspronkelijk als een tijdverdrijf toepasten. Daarom zijn de eerste bekende breakdancers bijna allemaal zwarte Amerikanen. Breakdance heeft allerlei bewegingen overgenomen uit de traditionele Afrikaanse dans, de Braziliaanse vechtsport en de Chinese vechtsporten ook capoiera genoemd. Breakdance is de lichaamstaal van het hiphoppen, daarbij is het een mix van grond-, vechtsport-, acrobatische en dansbewegingen. Onderdelen breakdance: Powermoves. Dit zijn snelle acrobatische bewegingen die vrij veel kracht vereisen. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn de spins. Headspin(zie rechts), backspin, kneespin, hierbij draai je snel rond op je hoofd, rug of knieà «n. Deze bewegingen zijn het belangrijkste onderdeel van breakdance, het is dus belangrijke dat je deze goed onder de knie hebt. Electrics. Deze kun je weer verdelen in 2 onderdelen. Je kunt mensen de illusie laten wekken dat je heel soepel bent, het lijkt dan net of je geen botten hebt. Een ander onderdeel is dat je heel schokkerig beweegt, je probeert het zelfde effect te creà «ren als bij een robot.   Freezes. Dit zijn stilstaande moves, waarbij je in een keer stilstaat in een powermover. Het is pas een freeze als je langer dan 2 seconden stilstaat. Battles. Als 2 breakdancers tegen elkaar gaan dansen dan spreekt men van een battle. Daarbij probeert men elkaar steeds te overtreffen en wie de moeilijkste moves kan vertonen wint de battle. Battles gebeuren vooral in groep, dan gaan 2 groepen tegenover elkaar staan en gaan alle leden zo moeilijk mogelijke moves laten zien om zo de andere groep te overtreffen. Maar dikwijls hangt het niet alleen af van de moves want het publiek beslist wie de battle wint. Dus de groep die het publiek het beste kan entertainen wint meestal de battle ongeacht of ze nu de beste moves hebben vertoont. Daarom proberen de groepen elkaar te imponeren door te bluffen en verbaal geweld te gebruiken. Er worden in verschillende landen heel veel grote battles georganiseerd zoals battle of the Benelux of freestyle sessions in Amerika. Elk jaar wordt er in Duitsland ook het onofficià «le wereldkampioenschap gehouden dit evenement noemt the battle of the year. 4. Rappen Rappen is 1 van de vier belangrijkste elementen van de hiphopcultuur, naast DJ-en, graffiti en breakdance. Rappen wordt ook wel MCen genoemd en is een vorm van rijmend praten en zingen. De letterlijke vertaling van rappen is slap auwehoeren of er uit flappen. Meestal gebeurt het rappen in samenwerking met een dj die via zijn draaitafels (turntables) voor een beat zorgt. MC staat voor Master of ceremony in de hip hop,de rol van de MC is de platen van de DJ aan elkaar te praten door te rappen.De beste MCs zijn degenen die razendsnel een tekst kunnen improviseren. Er worden MC-battles (wedstrijden) gehouden, waarbij het de bedoeling is dat twee MCs elkaar verbaal proberen in te maken. De MCer gebruikt meestal de hulp van de human beatboxer dat letterlijk staat voor menselijke drummachine. Beatboxers doen met hun mond een drummachine na en maken zo een ritme waarop de rapper kan rappen. Sommige zien beatboxers als het vijfde element van de hip hop. Dankzij de human beatboxer heeft de rapper geen dure apparatuur nodig en kan hij zonder problemen op elke hoek van de straat een show opvoeren. Nawoord Ik vond het heel interessant om dit werkstuk over hiphop te doen. Ik ben dingen tegengekomen die ik niet wist. Interessante dingen over bijvoorbeeld het breakdancen en hoe de hiphop is ontstaan. Ik vind het een mooie stijl, persoonlijk hou ik meer van de oudere hiphop omdat daar meer diepgang in zit. Het feit dat de rappers het daar hebben over het moeilijke leven en hoe ze zich wouden afzetten tegen de maatschappij spreekt mij erg aan. Ik vind het erg jammer dat de hiphop de laatste jaren om geld, vrouwen en status gaat. De oudere hiphop was veel puurder. 2

McDonalds Cross-Cultural Analysis Essay

Introduction The Internet has made the world a smaller place, especially when it comes to online business – it’s now just as easy for a company to attract customers in Nairobi as it is in Nevada. This technological globalization doesn’t translate to cultural homogeneity, though–while you might be able to find a McDonalds in nearly every city on earth now, that doesn’t mean that every city eats and thinks and shops in the same way. Every national and cultural group in the world retains its own language, its own metaphors, its own identity, and thus, its own way of shopping. At about the same pace as the popularity of the Internet increased, visions flourished of the World Wide Web as a tool for bringing the world together. The marketing world in particular quickly embraced the Internet as an ideal medium for reaching beyond domestic markets in order to disseminate products to foreign markets. By understanding how communication styles may be reflected on websites, we come a step further towards identifying, and subsequently realizing the potentials of, the interactive nature of the Internet. This would be rewarding not only from the marketing perspective, but also for those organizations that are working on bringing the world closer together through dialogue. Intercultural communication competence, as Chen and Starosta [1] note, is imperative for human progress, and it is by studying communication  styles and understanding how to use them that we may be able to communicate more clearly, and promote dialogue between â€Å"us† and â€Å"them.† The interactive and global nature of the Internet has fostered many visions of mutual understanding among cultures, although the means for achieving this are still at a very early, exploratory stage. A number of studies on the relationship between website design and cultural dimensions have been conducted. Studies like Marcus and Gould [2] and Sheridan [3] analyzed both commercial and non-commercial websites in an effort to identify relationships between Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and visual presentation on the. In this work also were used Hofsted’s researches[4, 5], mainly his typology of cultures that is the most widely accepted and frequently cited theories. Also Hall’s description of some cultural dimensions was used [1, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Kluckhohn’s and Strodtbeck’s ‘Variations in value orientations’[11], Gudykunst’s [12] and Lewis’s [13] researches devoted to cultural specifics of different countries are mentioned in this study. In this work we will try to analyze the effectiveness of communication between company and customers on current websites of McDonald’s in the next five countries: Ukraine, Russia, Germany, America and Canada; and make some recommendations how to improve them according to their cultural specifics. 1 Theoretical Issues and Ideas 1.1 Website as Method of Communication between Company and Its Customers The Internet becomes more and more popular all over the world. People use it for communication, business or just to look for the information they need. The Internet is a truly global thing. Growing importance of Internet is making communication through websites between companies and customers more and more significant. The Internet environment is not only a simple tool to promote a business, but it also offers opportunities to supply information; it is an efficient platform to communicate with the clients. It’s great opportunity for companies to get feedback from their customers; attract them and improve the vision of the company. Significant result of effective communication is improved branding. If the message or purpose of the company is communicated effectively to visitors, it will leave an impression on them  that will help form their image of the company. Branding is important online and off, and the messages being sent are a major factor. Website is cost effective, pa per free communication. Using website, company can reach the wider audience and it’s open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, so it can distribute information internally within the organization, as well as to share information with business partners, clients and suppliers. New customers will be able to locate company and company’s information and will always know where to contact the company. [14]] Company can inform customers about changes, sales, bonus campaigns, etc.; gain valuable market research, to build trust and finally reduce printing and mailing costs. A professional-looking site can help company to be taken seriously and build credibility and trust. Many consumers search for information online before purchasing at a physical store; company’s site can make a good first impression on a potential customer. At the same time customers can express their attitude towards company, their wishes and judgments about different campaigns or products proposed by the company. Developing a web-site makes it possible a very good communication with the clients and this leads, finally, to a constant adaptation of the company’s offer to the continuously changing customers’ requests. The most efficient web-site is the one that is integrated into company’s informatics system. By creating its own website, a company gets the possibility to influence in a positive way, the evolution of its activity. This way, the company becomes more efficient, with a more flexible internal functionality, more careful with the customers’ needs and expectations.[15] 1.2 McDonald’s Corporation McDonald’s Corporation is the world’s largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving around 64 million customers daily in 119 countries, and there is the same number of websites nowadays. Currently 1.7 million people work for Brand McDonald’s. Headquartered in the United States, the company began in 1940 as a barbecue restaurant operated by the eponymous Richard and Maurice McDonald; in 1948 they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand using production line principles. Businessman Ray Kroc joined the company as a franchise agent in 1955. He subsequently purchased the chain  from the McDonald brothers and oversaw its worldwide growth. A McDonald’s restaurant is operated by either a franchisee, an affiliate, or the corporation itself. The corporation’s revenues come from the rent, royalties and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. McDonald’s primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburger s, chicken, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, shakes and desserts. In response to changing consumer tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, wraps, smoothies and fruit. McDonald’s has a charity organization Ronald McDonald House Charities which functions in 52 countries. Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC) is an independent organization whose mission is to create, find and support programs that directly improve the health and well being of children across the world. Programs are grass-roots driven to enable the Charity to offer help where children need it most—right in their own communities. RMHC has three core programs: the Ronald McDonald House, Ronald McDonald Family Room and Ronald McDonald Care Mobile. McDonald’s started its global diversity journey by creating the Global Women’s Initiative in 2009. This initiative is active in all of McDonald’s operating areas of the world and is sponsored globally by Don Thompson, McDonald’s COO. In each part of the world, this initiative supports the recruitment, development, and advancement of women at all levels of the company while creating a culture where wome n have the opportunity to succeed and grow. In 2011, the Catalyst organization recognized the Global Women’s Initiative as an innovative and systemic means through which women can thrive in the McDonald’s system and awarded the company the prestigious Catalyst Award. As a result of the global concentration, women’s business networks have been formed and have quickly grown. McDonald’s has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the Olympic Games, and makes coolers of orange drink with its logo available for local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always played a central role in the company’s advertising strategy. ‘I’m lovin’ it’ is an international branding campaign by McDonald’s Corporation. It was created by Heye & Partner, a longtime McDonald’s agency based in Unterhaching, Germany. It was the company’s first global advertising campaign and was launched in  Munich, Germany on September 2, 2003, under the German title ‘ich liebe es’. The English part of the campaign was launched in Australia on September 21, 2003, the UK on September 17, 2003, and in the USA on September 29, 2003 with the music of Tom Batoy and Franco Tortora and vocals by Ju stin Timberlake, in which the slogan appears. In 2007, after a public casting call which received 15,000 submissions, McDonald’s selected 24 people to appear as part of the campaign. Images of those chosen, who had submitted a story and digital photograph which â€Å"captured †¦ themes of inspiration, passion and fun,† appeared on McDonald’s paper bags and cups worldwide [16]. 1.3 Analysis’s Criteria In this study is used the collectivism versus individualism dimension, which was proposed by Geert Hofstede. Individualism is the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. On the individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. Values in collectivistic cultures include training, physical condition and the use of skills whereas in individualistic cultures values are personal time, freedom and challenge. Another of Hofstede’s dimensions is power distance. This dimension expresses the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. The fundamental issue here is how a society handles inequalities among people. People in societies exhibiting a large degree of power distance accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and which needs no further justification. In societies with low power distance, people strive to equalize the distribution of power and demand justification for inequalities of power [17]. In F. Trompenaar’s interpretation there are the next cultural factors: equality and hierarchy. Equality corresponds with low power distance and hierarchy with high power distance. Equality is about all people having equal status. It assumes we all have equal rights,  irrespective of birth or other gift. Hierarchy is about people being superior to others. It assumes that order happens when few are in charges and others obey through the scalar chain of command [18]. One more dimension is uncertainty avoidance. According to G. Hofstede uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man’s search for Truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by stric t laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; ‘there can only be one Truth and we have it’ . The next criterion used in analysis is high and low context of culture, which was found by E. Hall. Hall observed that â€Å"meaning and context are inextricably bound up with each other† [19], and suggested that to understand communication one should look at meaning and context together with the code (i.e., the words themselves). By context, we refer to the situation, background, or environment connected to an event, a situation, or an individual. When communication is high-context, it is not only the non-verbal and para-verbal communication that comes into play. High-context communication draws on physical aspects as well as the time and situation in which the communication takes place, not to mention the relationship between the interlocutors. The closer the relationship, the more high-context the communication tends to be, drawing on the shared knowledge of the communicating parties. Gudykunst identified high-context communication to be indirect, ambiguous, maintaining of harmony, reserved and understated. In contrast, low-context communication was identified as direct, precise, dramatic, open, and based on feelings or true intentions. The next Hall’s cultural factor used is time. There are two types of time: monochronic time and polychronic time. Monochronic, as he called it M-Time, means doing one thing at a time. It assumes careful planning and scheduling and is a familiar Western approach that appears in disciplines such as ‘time management’. Monochronic people tend also to be low context. In Polychronic cultures, human interaction is valued over time and material things, leading to a lesser concern for ‘getting things done’ – they do get done, but more  in their own time. Aboriginal and Native Americans have typical polychronic cultures, where ‘talking stick’ meetings can go on for as long as somebody has something to say. Polychronic people tend also to be high context. According to Richard Lewis we can divide all cultures in three groups: monoactive, polactive and reactive. Monoactive cultures – it is cultures, where activity complies with clear planning and organized in definite orded, they do not approve distractions to other tasks and percept the time linearly. Polyactive cultures are people-oriented, talkative and communicative, can make several actions at ones. In reactive cultures activity depends on changing situation and appears to be a reaction on these changes. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck did some germinal work in drawing up a conceptual map which tried to include the complete range of values which it is possible for human beings to hold in relation to five key issues about which all human beings hold opinions. Orientation Postulated range of variations Human nature evil neutral mix of good and evil good changeable unchangeable changeable unchangeable changeable unchangeable Man-nature subjugation to nature harmony with nature mastery over nature Time past present future Activity being being in becoming doing Relational lineality collaterality individualism 2 Communicative Effectiveness of the Company Website in Various Countries 2.1 McDonald’s Site for Ukrainian Customers Ukrainian culture is more likely to be high-context than low context. By Hall high-context communication involves â€Å"more of the information in the physical context or internalized in the person†, that is why this cultures usually use more imagery and less text, people are expected to read between the lines and greater confidence is placed in the non-verbal aspects of communication. These features are notably represented on the ‘Ukrainian’ website: one can view the process of preparing food in stage by stage pictures with minimum accompanying text. One more example is a list of suppliers shown as a table of logotypes of these companies. Also the main page contains illustrations of dishes moving through the screen; links to other pages are given as small pictures connected with their content, for example if you want to go to the page where you can find more about quality of milk you should click the picture of a cow. So this site communicates by means of links a nd information stated in a limited amount of text with illustrations. This gives not very transparent overview of the content in the website and often requires that the user finds out the information placing the cursor over the link to reveal more content before finally clicking this link. The term transparency is borrowed from the usability field. Basing on the â€Å"Variations in Value Orientations† Ukrainians perceive an individual as a mixture of bad and good features. According to Terri  Morrison the level of trust is rather low: the Ukrainians are suspicious of other people and along with it they are likely to rely on objective factual information , based on their own experience [20]. There are a large amount of information devoted to the quality of milk and each component of food such as its composition and great diversity of food quality certificates. One more interesting feature is presence of variety of graphs which reflect the results of polls after Doors Open Day (DOD). But people in our country do not believe this information, they think it can be falsified and that the company deceives them just to gain profit. This part of content doesn’t work effectively. By Marcus & Gould strong focus on expertise, authority, certifications, official st amps or logos can be explained by high power distance. In addition the site contains a special section which describes you how to apply for participation in DOD and provides you with a video of the previous excursions. These features may appeal to relatively high level of uncertainty avoidance in Ukraine. 2.2 McDonald’s Site for Russian Customers Russia is collectivistic culture – it’s one of dimensions found be Geert Hofstede, which is characterized by tight social frameworks in which people distinguish between groups. The site promotes collectivistic values; it is reflected in the imagery of the website, such as images of the groups of people who involved in various activities like dancing, singing, coffee drinking and doing some sports. Values in collectivistic cultures include training and physical condition. ‘Russian’ website includes special section called ‘be active’, which offers different physical exercises for boys and girls and contains sets of photographs of competitions navigated in various cities. Russian culture is relatively high-context which according to E. Hall means that the most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the explicit, transmitted part of the message. Using this feature towards website a lot of animations and pictures are ex pected, and we can find a lot of them on the ‘Russian’ site. Animation effects are represented almost on each page and a lot of photos and bright, eye catching images are also placed. The power distance dimension offered by G. Hofstede is apparent in hierarchical structure of the website. According to Marcus  and Gould high power distance is reflected in tall hierarchical website structures, either through the implementation of many pages with unstructured layout, or the opening of new browser windows for new pages, instead of the same browser window. This description completely depicts the structure of ‘Russian ’site: there are many sidebars and menus, new browser window opens for each new page. The homepage features a large collection of links, and describes clearly what lays behind them though the use of headings, subheadings and illustrations. This makes it possible for the visitor to find what he or she interested in immediately, navigation schemes intended to prevent users from becoming lost. These features may appeal to two different parameters: high uncertainty avoidance proposed by G. Hofstede to explain a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; and by Lewis R.D. polyactivity – impatience and willingness to act quickly. 2.3 McDonald’s Site for German Customers German culture is more likely to be individualistic culture than collectivistic one, according to Geert Hofstede it means that individuals expected to be independent of others and look after themselves. We can see that pictures on the site promote individualistic values like personal time and freedom: individuals shown alone, enjoying themselves and usually products are placed with them. Individualistic culture is inclined to make a direct connection between the individual and the product. We can explain this effect by referring to Marcus and Gould, who suggested that the individualism and collectivism may influence the importance given to individuals versus products shown by themselves or in groups and that in individualism images demonstrated through materialism and consumerism. German is very low-context culture and as it explained by E. Hall more explanation is needed and very little is taken for granted in this cultures. As we can see the ‘German’ website is full of text information and large amount of wordage is used on each page, whilst only two pages have animated effects and on some pages the imagery is very poor. ‘German’ website can be described as a very transparent site, which may also appeal to the low context of this culture; so it provides a detailed overview of the rest of the site on the homepage and each subheading has a small picture  corresponding with the content of relevant page. It can also be explained by high uncertainty avoidance – there are attempts to reveal or forecast the results of implications of actions before users act. Navigation through the site is linear and new pages constantly open in the same browser window – this appeals to monoactivity of German culture, which by R. Lewis means that it can make only one action during definite time. In German time is monochronic and special attention devoted to the speed of actions; websit e with the structure mentioned above is not goal-oriented and users are expected to be willing to explore the site and seek for information. Social roles are not used to organize the information it means that all sections are obvious to all users and not sealed off from them; prominence given to customers and employees – these features may appeal to the relatively low power distance. 2.4 McDonald’s Site for American Customers In contrast to Ukrainian American is low-context culture. M. Hall described low-context cultures as those in which â€Å"the mass of information is vested in the explicit code† that is why these cultures are identified, direct, precise, dramatic, open, and basing on feelings or true intentions, people don’t communicate with gestures, the meaning depends on content and the spoken word, what means a verbal communication. These features are represented on the ‘American’ website: one can read a lot of information about different kinds of hamburgers, which is presented with text and with fewer occurrences of animations. Website is kept as practical as possible and has direct sources of information, for example additional information about components contained in food is placed below the page as boxes in which you can see the process of growth of this components and an information about it, and when you click this box a new page opens and the information appear a s text without illustrations. One more example is that only the main page consists of heavy images, pop-up effects, moving elements which accompanied by scaring music; this is one more proof of the low-context of American culture. On the ‘American’ website there is a promotion tab, when you click on it a new page opens as a game, this is a fast message for people. By Halls fast message are adept at creating quick  contacts, but may also be perceived as superficial. Based on the work of Kaplan [21] and Chen and Starosta, Choe [22] low-context culture tend to emphasize logic and rationality, based on the belief that there is always an objective truth that can be reached through linear processes of discovery. Choe said â€Å"thought patterns refer to forms of reasoning and approaches to problem solution and can differ from culture to culture†. ‘American’ website implies linear navigation throughout the site, with a consistent layout throughout the pages of the site. The website per forms the explorative function. 2.5 McDonald’s Site for Canadian Customers Canada is low-context culture. According to M. Hall cultural dimensions, in low-context cultures very little are taken for granted. Whilst this means that more explanation is needed, it also means there is less chance of misunderstanding particularly when visitors are present. Many overt and explicit messages that is simple and clear, outer locus of control and blame of others for failure; visible, external, outward reaction; flexible and open grouping patterns, changing as needed; fragile bonds between people with little sense of loyalty; low commitment to relationship (task more important than relationships); time is highly organized; product is more important than process. These features are represented on the ‘Canadian’ website: all pages are rich of text, especially a category Food Quality. Based on the work of Geert Hofstede low-context culture is more likely to be individualistic one, where emphasis is put on the goals and accomplishments of the individual rather than the group. Individuals are expected to be independent of others and look after themselves. When accomplishing goals, consideration of others is limited to include only oneself and one’s immediate family. Personal values include personal time, freedom, and challenge. For example on the ‘Canadian’ website there are some information that is family oriented. There is a section called Community in which one can find a subsection called Ronald McDonald House Charities which provide families of sick children a home-away-from-home or a place of peace and calm within a hospital. By Hall, perception of time is one more peculiarity of culture. Canada belongs to monochromic culture, where time is viewed as an  important, almost tangible phenomenon. People of such cultures are oriented towards planning and scheduling, so as to perform efficiency. As an example on the ‘Canadian’ website there is a category Restaurant Location, where you can put your address and site will show you the nearest restaurant. 3 Recommendations for Improvement of McDonald’s Websites 3.1 Cultural awareness in Web Design Nowadays a website is not just a collection of text; it is a conglomerate of images, multimedia, interactive features, animated graphics, and sounds. Cross-cultural web design nowadays requires dealing with design issues that include culture-specific color connotations, preferences in layout, animation, sounds, and other effects that are characteristic of today’s generation of websites. Formatting and navigation of the website also help attracting users’ attention and interest them in using the website. In order to do this successfully, the target group of the website must be studied. Research into how your target market’s culture affects their consumer behavior should be done. Conducting an ethnographic investigation — visiting the country, viewing how they shop and what they like, studying products which have been successful in the market and seeing how these strategies can be adopted is an important step for creating a multicultural website. Market rese arch can be done by surveying potential customers from the target market and interviewing cultural experts. While user participation is ideal in the designing process, a study of the design elements prevalent in the culture may also provide the web designer with some useful guidelines. Values and behavior indoctrinated through cultural influences may be reflected in design practices. Every national and cultural group in the world retains its own language, its own metaphors, its own identity, and thus, its own way of shopping Keeping abreast of cultural and current affairs in each of the target markets is one of the key factors, as a change in circumstances may necessitate changes to the site. Research has shown that certain colors have distinct connotations in different cultures. The implications should therefore be considered when choosing the palette for the website. Similarly to the impact of color, the appropriateness of the images across various cultures should be considered. Other symbols and  images just may not be culturally relevant in other areas of the world. Studies carried out into the impact of new technologies show that users show resistance to products with Western metaphors in favour of products localized according to their cultural customs and idioms. Choosing appropriate images for the site accordingly or being prepared to use different images in separate versions of the website can be useful while creating an effective one.[23] 3.2 Potential Improvements for the McDonald’s Websites of Particular Countries Before giving recommendations we would like to mention that we can assume that a successful and globe-spanning company such as McDonald’s has done extensive focus group testing of their website and consequently customized almost each website to appeal to its user group in each target culture, to ensure that product communication is as effective as possible. As a result it won’t be easy to recommend significant changes, but still there are some cultural issues that can be improved. Ukrainian website contains a lot of imagery, but taking into account the high context of this culture, it would be better to add more animation, because the site seems to be too constant. Taking into account that Ukrainian culture is collectivistic one not only logos of McDonald’s suppliers might be on the site; some images which corresponds with its values like family, physical condition and training could be used. Importance must be given to the products shown by themselves or with groups, not to the individuals. Also stress on the Ukrainian history and traditions should feature the site to attract users’ attention. In Ukrainian culture we can see high power distance, so the strong focus on expertise and certification might have been effective, but it’s not. This culture is suspicious about people so it is better to avoid too high concentration on this information; otherwise the site is unattractive and can arouse the suspicions. On the whole it can cause negative perception of the company; people may think that McDonald’s just trying to pool the wool over their customers’ eyes. One more important thing to be considered is opening of new page. On Ukrainian website new pages open in the same window but according to Marcus & Gould study for cultures with high power distance it is more convenient to use pages, which open in the new window of browser.  To match high uncertainty avoidance the site should be structured better: more sidebars and menus can be added to simplify the navigation across the site and to prevent the user from becoming lost. It is also important because of polyactivity of Ukrainian culture; people are unwilling to seek for information and to explore the site, they need to get the clear information quickly. On the Russian website more animation can be added, for example animation of moving people is really suitable for high-context culture and also some musical support on the main page is appropriate. Information should be organized according to social roles, for example there can be special section for managers or potential investors. Thi s can be effective because of high power distance inherent to Russian culture. Also according to these feature significant emphasis should be made on the social and moral order and its symbols like national colors or traditions. To correspond with high level of uncertainty avoidance in Russia the next improvements may be efficient: addition of tiny windows which will reveal more content information when placing a cursor over a link before clicking it, in other words forecast of the results or implications of acting before users act. Russian culture is relatively feminine it means that attention to the content of the site can be attracted by usage of poetry, common idioms, visual aesthetics and appeals to unifying values. German website contains a vast animation on the main page. It’s not the best choice for low-context culture like this one; it can bewilder people and decrease the attractiveness of the site. Low power distance also dictates some important characteristics: we can find a huge section devoted to the quality of food but for German culture it ’s advised to weaken the focus on the expertise, logos and certificates. Taking into account that German is individualistic culture we can say that more prominence should be given to youth and action, the section devoted to the employment can be expanded. Individualistic cultures are expected to be willing to provide personal information, so different employees can share their experience with those who want to start a job in McDonald’s. Emphasis might be done on what is new, unique and available only in this particular company. American website contains huge amount of animation on the main page, but for the low-context country it would be better if the site contains fewer amount of digital data, less-highly structured information, minor and infrequent emphasis on the  social and moral order (e.g., nationalism or religion) and its symbols, weak focus on expertise, authority, experts, certifications, official stamps, or logos. As an individualistic country the site should contain more information or pictures to maximize motivation of people, some i mages of success: demonstrated through materialism and consumerism. Also it’s good to use rhetorical style: controversial or argumentative speech and tolerance or encouragement of extreme claim. An important thing is to give prominence to youth and action. In American culture we can see low uncertainty avoidance, so to match this fact website should simplify the complexity with maximal content and choices (do more descriptions for quicker decisions). People from country with low uncertainty avoidance accept wandering and risk, so it would be good to do some quizzes online. Canadian website, as it is also low context culture, should give more prominence to citizens, customers, or employees. There should be no restrictions or barriers to access on the site; it should be transparent, integrated, implicit freedom to roam must be present. Taking into account that Canadian culture is individualistic one they should give importance for individuals, make an emphasis on truth and what is new and unique (on the Canadian site it is hard to understand which information is fresh, all articles are mixed and undated, so it is difficult to find something new. On the Canadian website here are no graphics, sound, and animation, but for masculine country it would be good for utilitarian purposes. Also it could contain game and competitions, because an attention gained through these features. The navigation should be oriented to exploration and control. Canada is a long-term oriented country, so in fact information on the site should be focused on truth and certainty of beliefs. It could contain some rules as a source of information and credibility, because the Canadian website is made a little freely, for example, when you what to return to the previous page the site let you on the other page, which you didn’t open and sometimes it hard to find what you saw before. Conclusion In the terms of globalized ways of satisfying people’ needs, there is a trend of gradual replacement of the companies’ market-orientation with the customer-orientation. Companies’ customer-orientation implies a continuous  and detailed process of analysis regarding the potential clients’ expectations, in this way, a strong connection between customers’ needs and the quality of offered products and services being assured. Learning the cultural differences in particular countries it’s easy to understand how to attract the customers and make their researching more productivity, funny and simple. When you understand the personal, national or organizational culture, then you can seek to align with them and hence gain greater influence. Hofstede notes that some cultural relativism is necessary: it is difficult to establish absolute criteria for what is noble and what is disgusting. There is no escaping bias; all people develop cultural values bas ed on their environment and early training as children. Not everyone in a society fits the cultural pattern precisely, but there is enough statistical regularity to identify trends and tendencies. These trends and tendencies should not be treated as defective or used to create negative stereotypes but recognized as different patterns of values and thought. In a multi-cultural world, it is necessary to cooperate to achieve practical goals without requiring everyone to think, act, and believe identically. By creating its own website, a company gets the possibility to influence in a positive way, the evolution of its activity. This way, the company becomes more efficient, with a more flexible internal functionality, more careful with the customers’ needs and expectations. But still, when creating a website, all features of particular countries must be considered to make clear appeal and improve the communication between company and customers. List of References 1 Chen, G., & Starosta, W. (1998). Foundations of Intercultural Communication. Boston: Allyn and Bacon 2 Marcus, A., & Gould, E. W. (2000). Cultural dimensions and global web user-interface design: What? So What? Now What? Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Human Factors and the Web. Austin, Texas.2 3 Sheridan, E. F. (2001). 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